What Genes are Related to Cushing’s Disease?

Posted on July 29, 2015 by MaryO

genetic

 

The genetic cause of Cushing disease is often unknown. In only a few instances, mutations in certain genes have been found to lead to Cushing disease. These genetic changes are called somatic mutations. They are acquired during a person’s lifetime and are present only in certain cells. The genes involved often play a role in regulating the activity of hormones.

Cushing disease is caused by an increase in the hormone cortisol, which helps maintain blood sugar levels, protects the body from stress, and stops (suppresses) inflammation. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, which are small glands located at the top of each kidney. The production of cortisol is triggered by the release of a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. The adrenal and pituitary glands are part of the hormone-producing (endocrine) system in the body that regulates development, metabolism, mood, and many other processes.

Cushing disease occurs when a noncancerous (benign) tumor called an adenoma forms in the pituitary gland, causing excessive release of ACTH and, subsequently, elevated production of cortisol. Prolonged exposure to increased cortisol levels results in the signs and symptoms of Cushing disease: changes to the amount and distribution of body fat, decreased muscle mass leading to weakness and reduced stamina, thinning skin causing stretch marks and easy bruising, thinning of the bones resulting in osteoporosis, increased blood pressure, impaired regulation of blood sugar leading to diabetes, a weakened immune system, neurological problems, irregular menstruation in women, and slow growth in children. The overactive adrenal glands that produce cortisol may also produce increased amounts of male sex hormones (androgens), leading to hirsutism in females. The effect of the excess androgens on males is unclear.

Most often, Cushing disease occurs alone, but rarely, it appears as a symptom of genetic syndromes that have pituitary adenomas as a feature, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA).

Cushing disease is a subset of a larger condition called Cushing syndrome, which results when cortisol levels are increased by one of a number of possible causes. Sometimes adenomas that occur in organs or tissues other than the pituitary gland, such as adrenal gland adenomas, can also increase cortisol production, causing Cushing syndrome. Certain prescription drugs can result in an increase in cortisol production and lead to Cushing syndrome. Sometimes prolonged periods of stress or depression can cause an increase in cortisol levels; when this occurs, the condition is known as pseudo-Cushing syndrome. Not accounting for increases in cortisol due to prescription drugs, pituitary adenomas cause the vast majority of Cushing syndrome in adults and children.

Read more about familial isolated pituitary adenoma.

 

How do people inherit Cushing disease?

Most cases of Cushing disease are sporadic, which means they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Rarely, the condition has been reported to run in families; however, it does not have a clear pattern of inheritance.

The various syndromes that have Cushing disease as a feature can have different inheritance patterns. Most of these disorders are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

From http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cushing-disease

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Food-dependent Cushing syndrome: a new entity of organic hypercorticism

Posted on July 9, 2015 by MaryO
Matejka G, et al. Rev Med Interne. 1996.

Abstract

Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome is quite difficult in endocrinology. Spontaneous Cushing’s syndrome is usually divided into two subgroups, one which is dependent on corticotropin (ACTH) and another one which is not.

In the first class are Cushing’s disease, the ectopic corticotropin syndrome and the rare ectopic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) syndrome; these ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome have usually diffusely enlarged adrenal glands.

In the second class are cortisol producing unilateral adrenocortical adenomas or carcinomas, and the recent Cushing’s syndrome with food dependent periodic hormonogenesis.

This food dependent Cushing’s syndrome is an ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome with multinodular enlargement of both adrenal glands. Pathogenesis is an aberrant adrenal sensitivity to physiologic secretion of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Ectopic expression of GIP receptors on adrenal cells involve pathologic food induced cortisol secretion.

Food dependent Cushing’s syndrome is a new cause of Cushing’s syndrome. Food induced cortisol secretion may have to be explored in the ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome.

PMID

8758532 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Full text

Full text from provider (Elsevier Science) Article in French.

From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/8758532/

Biography of a Food-Dependent Cushing’s patient

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First Patient Dosed in IST of CDK Inhibitor Seliciclib in Cushing’s Disease, a Serious Endocrine Disorder

Posted on July 2, 2015 by MaryO
Source:Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

BERKELEY HEIGHTS, N.J., July 2, 2015 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ:CYCC) (NASDAQ:CYCCP) (Cyclacel or the Company), a biopharmaceutical company developing oral therapies that target the various phases of cell cycle control for the treatment of cancer and other serious disorders today announced that the first patient has been dosed in an investigator sponsored trial (IST) of the Company’s oral cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor seliciclib in Cushing’s disease (CD)1. Clinicians at Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, were awarded a grant from The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) to evaluate seliciclib, a CDK2/9 inhibitor currently in clinical development to treat certain cancers, as a potential therapy for CD.

“Cushing’s disease is a serious debilitating endocrine disorder with limited treatment options for patients,” said Shlomo Melmed, M.D., Director of the Burns and Allen Research Institute, Principal Investigator and Dean of the Medical Faculty at Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles. “We believe that seliciclib is unique among clinical stage CDK inhibitors in its potential effectiveness to treat this disease. Its mechanism of action has a dual effect as it impacts tumor growth by decreasing the levels and activity of cyclin E, as well as inhibiting ACTH production. If our trial with seliciclib proves successful, it could lead to dramatically improved treatment outcomes for patients with Cushing’s disease.”

CD is an endocrine disorder caused by adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-producing pituitary tumors, often leading to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and increased risk of death if inadequately controlled. Cell cycle dysregulation is a common feature of pituitary tumors, including upregulation of cyclin E, specifically seen in tumors of the corticotroph lineage, such as in CD. Dr. Melmed and Dr. Ning-Ai Liu have previously published preclinical proof-of-concept data showing that seliciclib is uniquely effective amongst CDK inhibitors in resolving the disease, with dual effects on pituitary growth and ACTH production2.

The trial is a Phase 2 proof-of-concept, open-label, single arm study to assess the safety and efficacy of seliciclib in CD. Sixteen patients with de novo, persistent or recurrent CD will receive seliciclib for 4 weeks prior to standard-of-care treatment. The primary objective is to establish the efficacy of seliciclib on normalizing urinary free cortisol levels in patients with CD.

About Cushing’s disease

CD is a rare endocrine, orphan disorder with estimated US prevalence of approximately 20,000. It is the most common cause of endogenous hypercortisolism, which predisposes patients to central obesity, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and substantially increases their risk of infection, thrombosis and psychiatric disorders. If inadequately controlled, CD is fatal with mortality rate four-fold-higher than that of age- and sex-matched controls and median survival of 4.6 years. The leading cause of death in CD is cardiovascular disease. CD remains an unmet medical need despite available therapies.

About seliciclib and its mechanism of action in Cushing’s disease

Seliciclib, an orally-available CDK2/9 inhibitor, has been evaluated to date in approximately 450 patients and is currently being explored in combination with Cyclacel’s orally-available sapacitabine in patients with solid tumors.

Seliciclib has been shown in preclinical models to be uniquely effective amongst other CDK inhibitors. Seliciclib was subsequently shown, in mouse corticotroph tumor cells in vitro, to cause cell cycle arrest, accompanied by decreases in cyclin E levels, increased p27Kip1, p57Kip2 and p21Cip1 expression, and reduced Thr821 phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Rb is reportedly a site phosphorylated by CDK2. In addition, ACTH concentrations in cell supernatant were also decreased by seliciclib, suggesting a dual impact of the compound on corticotroph tumorigenesis. In vivo, oral administration of seliciclib led to a 50% reduction in tumor weight, and consistent with in vitro observations, reduced plasma ACTH levels, serum cortisol levels and tumor PCNA staining.

1. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02160730).

2. Liu, N-A., Jiang, H., Ben-Shlomo, A., Wawrowsky, K. Fan, X-M., Lin, S. and Melmed, S. (2011) Targeting zebrafish and murine pituitary corticotroph tumours with a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor. PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1018091108

About Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Cyclacel is a biopharmaceutical company developing oral therapies that target the various phases of cell cycle control for the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. Sapacitabine, Cyclacel’s most advanced product candidate, is the subject of SEAMLESS, a Phase 3 trial, which has completed enrollment and is being conducted under an SPA with the FDA as front-line treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the elderly, and other indications including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Cyclacel’s pipeline includes an oral regimen of seliciclib in combination with sapacitabine in a Phase 1 study of patients with Homologous Recombination (HR) repair-deficient breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers, including gBRCA positive tumors, and CYC065, a novel CDK2/9 inhibitor, with potential utility in both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Cyclacel’s strategy is to build a diversified biopharmaceutical business focused in hematology and oncology based on a development pipeline of novel drug candidates. Please visit www.cyclacel.com for more information.

Forward-looking Statements

This news release contains certain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to be materially different from historical results or from any future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include statements regarding, among other things, the efficacy, safety and intended utilization of Cyclacel’s product candidates, the conduct and results of future clinical trials, plans regarding regulatory filings, future research and clinical trials and plans regarding partnering activities. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially include the risk that product candidates that appeared promising in early research and clinical trials do not demonstrate safety and/or efficacy in larger-scale or later clinical trials, trials may have difficulty enrolling, Cyclacel may not obtain approval to market its product candidates, the risks associated with reliance on outside financing to meet capital requirements, and the risks associated with reliance on collaborative partners for further clinical trials, development and commercialization of product candidates. You are urged to consider statements that include the words “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “believes,” “estimates,” “projects,” “potential,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “continues,” “forecast,” “designed,” “goal,” or the negative of those words or other comparable words to be uncertain and forward-looking. For a further list and description of the risks and uncertainties the Company faces, please refer to the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and other periodic and other filings Cyclacel files with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are available at www.sec.gov. Such forward-looking statements are current only as of the date they are made, and Cyclacel assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

© Copyright 2015 Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cyclacel logo and Cyclacel® are trademarks of Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Company:
Paul McBarron, (908) 517-7330, 
Investor Relations:
Russo Partners LLC, Robert Flamm, (212) 845-4226

– See more at: http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/07/02/749361/10140470/en/First-Patient-Dosed-in-IST-of-CDK-Inhibitor-Seliciclib-in-Cushing-s-Disease-a-Serious-Endocrine-Disorder.html#sthash.KgdD65N9.dpuf

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Moderately impaired renal function increases morning cortisol and cortisol levels at dexamethasone suppression test in patients with incidentally detected adrenal adenomas

Posted on June 26, 2015 by MaryO
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015 May 23. doi: 10.1111/cen.12823. [Epub ahead of print]
Olsen H1, Mjöman M2.

Author information

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

Patients with incidentally detected adrenal adenomas may have subclinical hypercortisolism. We hypothesized that impaired renal function could lead to increased cortisol levels in these patients.

DESIGN:

Descriptive retrospective study of consecutive patients.

PATIENTS:

A total of 166 patients with incidentally detected unilateral adrenal adenomas were examined during 2008-2013.

MEASUREMENTS:

Levels of cortisol, ACTH and cortisol at 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) were measured. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the MDRD equation.

RESULTS:

Renal function was normal, mildly impaired, moderately impaired or severely impaired (eGFR >90, 60-90, 30-60 and 15-30 ml/min/1·73 m2 ) in 34, 54, 10 and 1% of the patients, respectively. Patients with normal and mildly impaired renal function had similar cortisol levels. Patients with moderately impaired renal function, compared to all the patients with eGFR >60 ml/min/1·73 m2 , exhibited increased cortisol (541 vs 456 nmol/l, P = 0·02), increased cortisol at DST (62 vs 37 nmol/l, P = 0·001), but similar ACTH levels (4·1 vs 2·9 pmol/l, P = 0·21). Patients with moderately impaired renal function thus exhibited cortisol at DST ≥50 nmol/l, more often than patients with eGFR >60 ml/min/1·73 m2 (76% vs 30%, P = 0·000), while the prevalence of ACTH below 2 pmol/l was similar (24% vs 31%, P = 0·51).

CONCLUSIONS:

Moderately impaired renal function increases cortisol and cortisol at DST in patients with adrenal adenomas, while mildly impaired renal function has no such effect. Cortisol level at DST ≥50 nmol/l therefore seems to have low specificity in diagnosing subclinical adrenal hypercortisolism, and an additional criterion, for example low ACTH, is required.

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID:
26010731
[PubMed – as supplied by publisher]

From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26010731

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Multiple aberrant hormone receptors in Cushing’s Syndrome

Posted on June 26, 2015 by MaryO
Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 May 13. pii: EJE-15-0200. [Epub ahead of print]
Multiple Aberrant Hormone Receptors in Cushing’s Syndrome.
El Ghorayeb N1, Bourdeau I2, Lacroix A3.

Author information

Abstract

The mechanisms regulating cortisol production when ACTH of pituitary origin is suppressed in primary adrenal causes of Cushing’s syndrome include diverse genetic and molecular mechanisms. These can lead either to constitutive activation of the cAMP system and steroidogenesis or to its regulation exerted by the aberrant adrenal expression of several hormone receptors, particularly G-protein coupled hormone receptors (GPCR) and their ligands.

Screening for aberrant expression of GPCR in BMAH and unilateral adrenal tumors of patients with overt or subclinical CS demonstrates the frequent co-expression of several receptors. Aberrant hormone receptors can also exert their activity by regulating the paracrine secretion of ACTH or other ligands for those receptors in BMAH or unilateral tumors.

The aberrant expression of hormone receptors is not limited to adrenal Cushing’s syndrome but can be implicated in other endocrine tumors including primary aldosteronism and Cushing’s disease. Targeted therapies to block the aberrant receptors or their ligands could become useful in the future.

PMID:
25971648
[PubMed – as supplied by publisher]

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