Hormones and High Blood Pressure: Study Reveals Endocrine Culprits and Targeted Treatments

Posted on October 20, 2023 by MaryO

In a recent study published in Hypertension Research, scientists examine the endocrine causes of hypertension (HTN) and investigate the efficacy of treatments to alleviate HTN.

 

What is HTN?

About 30% of the global population is affected by HTN. HTN is a modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factor that is associated with a significant number of deaths worldwide.

There are two types of HTN known as primary and secondary HTN. As compared to primary HTN, secondary HTN causes greater morbidity and mortality.

The most common endocrine causes of HTN include primary aldosteronism (PA), paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas (PGL), Cushing’s syndrome (CS), and acromegaly. Other causes include congenital adrenal hyperplasia, mineralocorticoid excess, cortisol resistance, Liddle syndrome, Gordon syndrome, and thyroid and parathyroid dysfunction.

What is PA?

PA is the most common endocrine cause of hypertension, which is associated with excessive aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland and low renin secretion. It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of PA due to the complexity of its diagnosis.

Typically, the plasma aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) is measured to diagnose PA. The diagnosis of PA can also be confirmed using other diagnostic tools like chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays (CLEIAs) and radio immune assay (RIA).

Continuous aldosterone secretion is associated with organ damage due to chronic activation of the mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor in many organs, including fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. An elevated level of aldosterone causes diastolic dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, and arterial stiffness.

Increased aldosterone secretion also leads to obstructive sleep apnea and increases the risk of osteoporosis. This is why individuals with PA are at a higher risk of cardiovascular events (CVDs), including heart failure, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and atrial fibrillation.

PA is treated by focusing on normalizing potassium and optimizing HTN and aldosterone secretion. Unilateral adrenalectomy is a surgical procedure proposed to treat PA.

Young patients who are willing to stop medication are recommended surgical treatment. The most common pharmaceutical treatment for PA includes mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone.

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

PGL are tumors that develop at the thoracic-abdominal-pelvic sympathetic ganglia, which are present along the spine, as well as in the parasympathetic ganglia located at the base of the skull. The incidence rate of PGL is about 0.6 for every 100,000 individuals each year. PGL tumors synthesize excessive catecholamines (CTN), which induce HTN.

Some of the common symptoms linked to HTN associated with PGL are palpitations, sweating, and headache. PGL can be diagnosed by determining metanephrines (MN) levels, which are degraded products of CTN. Bio-imaging tools also play an important role in confirming the diagnosis of PGL.

Excessive secretion of CTN increases the risk of CVDs, including Takotsubo adrenergic heart disease, ventricular or supraventricular rhythm disorders, hypertrophic obstructive or ischaemic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and hemorrhagic stroke. Excessive CTN secretion also causes left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction.

Typically, PGL treatment is associated with surgical procedures. Two weeks before the surgery, patients are treated with alpha-blockers. For these patients, beta-blockers are not used as the first line of treatment without prior use of alpha-adrenergic receptors.

Patients with high CTN secretion are treated with metyrosine, as this can inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase. Hydroxylase converts tyrosine into dihydroxyphenylalanine, which is related to CTN synthesis.

What is CS?

CS, which arises due to persistent exposure to glucocorticoids, is a rare disease with an incidence rate of one in five million individuals each year. The most common symptoms of CS include weight gain, purple stretch marks, muscle weakness, acne, and hirsutism. A high cortisol level causes cardiovascular complications such as HTN, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes.

CS is diagnosed based on the presence of two or more biomarkers that can be identified through pathological tests, such as salivary nocturnal cortisol, 24-hour urinary-free cortisol, and dexamethasone suppression tests.

CS is treated through surgical procedures based on the detected lesions. Patients with severe CS are treated with steroidogenic inhibitors, such as metyrapone, ketoconazole, osilodrostat, and mitotane. Pituitary radiotherapy and bilateral adrenalectomy are performed when other treatments are not effective.

Acromegaly

Acromegaly arises due to chronic exposure to growth hormone (GH), leading to excessive insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) synthesis. This condition has a relatively higher incidence rate of 3.8 million person-years. Clinical symptoms of acromegaly include thickened lips, widened nose, a rectangular face, prominent cheekbones, soft tissue overgrowth, or skeletal deformities.

Prolonged exposure to GH leads to increased water and sodium retention, insulin resistance, reduced glucose uptake, and increased systemic vascular resistance. These conditions increase the risk of HTN and diabetes in patients with acromegaly. Acromegalic patients are also at a higher risk of cancer, particularly those affecting the thyroid and colon.

Acromegaly is diagnosed using the IGF1 assay, which determines IGF1 levels in serum. After confirming the presence of high IGF1 levels, a GH suppression test must be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Bioimaging is also conducted to locate adenoma.

Acromegaly is commonly treated through surgical procedures. Patients who refuse this line of treatment are treated with somatostatin receptor ligands, growth hormone receptor antagonists, dopaminergic agonists, or radiotherapy.

Journal reference:
  • De Freminville, J., Amar, L., & Azizi, M. (2023) Endocrine causes of hypertension: Literature review and practical approach. Hypertension Research; 1-14. doi:10.1038/s41440-023-01461-1

From https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231015/Hormones-and-high-blood-pressure-Study-reveals-endocrine-culprits-and-targeted-treatments.aspx

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Adults with Cushing’s Syndrome Report High Burden Of Illness, Despite Ongoing Treatment

Posted on September 4, 2023 by MaryO

Key takeaways:

  • Cushing’s syndrome symptoms moderately impact quality of life for adults with the condition.
  • Weight gain, muscle fatigue and menstrual changes decline in severity from diagnosis to follow-up.

Adults with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome reported that the condition moderately affects their quality of life and causes them to have symptoms about 16 days in a given month, according to findings published in Pituitary.

“Our study aimed to evaluate the ongoing burden of Cushing’s syndrome in order to identify areas of unmet need,” Eliza B. Geer, MD, medical director of the Multidisciplinary Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Center and associate attending of endocrinology and neurosurgery at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, told Healio. “We found that patients with treated Cushing’s continue to experience ongoing symptoms more than half of the days in a given month, miss about 25 workdays per year and need twice the average number of outpatient visits per year, indicating a significant impact on daily function and work productivity. Some of these symptoms, like fatigue and pain, have not been well studied in Cushing’s patients, and need more attention.”

Geer and colleagues administered a cross-sectional survey to 55 adults aged 21 years and older who had been diagnosed with Cushing’s syndrome at least 6 months before the survey and were receiving at least one pharmacologic therapy for their disease (85% women; mean age, 43.4 years). The survey was conducted online from June to August 2021. Five patient-reported outcome scales were included. The CushingQoL was used to analyze quality of life, a visual analog scale was included to assess pain, the Brief Fatigue Inventory was used to measure fatigue, the Sleep Disturbance v1.0 scale assessed perceptions of sleep and the PROMIS Short Form Anxiety v1.0-8a scale was used to measure fear, anxious misery, hyperarousal and somatic symptoms related to arousal. Participants self-reported the impact of Cushing’s syndrome on daily life and their physician’s level of awareness of Cushing’s syndrome.

Some symptoms decline in severity over time

Of the study group, 81% had pituitary or adrenal tumors, and 20% had ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing tumors; 80% of participants underwent surgery to treat their Cushing’s syndrome.

The frequency of reported symptoms did not change from Cushing’s syndrome diagnosis to the time of the survey. The most frequently reported symptoms were weight gain, muscle fatigue and weakness and anxiety.

Participants reported a decline in symptom severity for weight gain, muscle fatigue and weakness and menstrual changes from diagnosis to the survey. Though symptom severity declined, none of the three symptoms were entirely eliminated. Adults did not report declines in severity for other symptoms. Hirsutism and anxiety were reported by few participants, but were consistently scored high in severity among those who reported it. There were no changes in patient satisfaction with medications from their first appointment to the time of the survey.

“It was surprising that anxiety and pain did not improve with treatment,” Geer said. “A quarter of patients at baseline reported anxiety and this percentage was exactly the same after treatment. Same for pain — nearly a quarter of patients reported pain despite treatment. While the presence of anxiety has been well-documented in Cushing’s patients, pain has not, and needs further study.”

Nearly half of primary care providers unable to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome

All participants reported having at least one challenge with being diagnosed with Cushing’s syndrome. Of the respondents, 49% said their primary care provider was unable to diagnose their Cushing’s syndrome and 33% initially received the wrong diagnosis. Physicians referred 49% of participants to a specialist, and 39% of adults said their doctor lacked knowledge or understanding of their condition.

The study group had a moderate level of quality of life impairment as assessed through the CushingQoL scale. The mean pain score was 3.6 of a possible 10, indicating low levels of pain. Moderate to severe levels of fatigue were reported by 69% of participants. Self-reported sleep and anxiety scores were similar to what is observed in the general population.

Participants said sexual activity, self-confidence and life satisfaction were most impacted by a Cushing’s syndrome diagnosis. Adults experienced symptoms a mean 16 days in a typical month and saw their outpatient physician an average of six times per year. Those who were employed said they miss 2 days of work per month, or about 25 days per year, due to Cushing’s syndrome.

“Longitudinal assessment of clinically relevant patient-reported outcomes based on validated measures and coupled with biochemical and treatment data is needed in a large cohort of Cushing’s patients,” Geer said. “This will allow us to identify clinically meaningful changes in symptom burden within each patient, as well as predictors of outcomes — which patients improve on which symptoms, and which patients do not feel better despite biochemical normalization. We need to improve our ability to help our patients feel better, not just achieve normal cortisol levels.”

For more information:

Eliza B. Geer, MD, can be reached at geere@mskcc.org.

From https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/20230830/adults-with-cushings-syndrome-report-high-burden-of-illness-despite-ongoing-treatment

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ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome due to bilateral adrenocortical adenoma

Posted on October 2, 2021 by MaryO

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.093

 

Abstract

The chronic excess of glucocorticoids results in Cushing’s syndrome. Cushing’s syndrome presents with a variety of signs and symptoms including: central obesity, proximal muscle weakness, fatigue striae, poor wound healing, amenorrhea, and others.

ACTH independent Cushing’s syndrome is usually due to unilateral adenoma. A rare cause of it is bilateral adrenal adenomas.

In this paper we report a case of a 43-year-old woman with Cushing’s syndrome due to bilateral adrenal adenoma.

Read the case report at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043321005690

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Muscle Weakness Persists in Cushing’s Syndrome Despite Remission

Posted on October 3, 2020 by MaryO

People with Cushing’s syndrome experience muscle weakness that persists even when the disorder is in remission, a new study shows.

The study, “Persisting muscle dysfunction in Cushing’s syndrome despite biochemical remission,” was published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.

Cushing’s syndrome is characterized by abnormally high levels of the hormone cortisol. This can result in a variety of symptoms, including muscle weakness. However, it’s unclear the extent to which treatment of the underlying syndrome affects muscle weakness in the long term.

In the new study, researchers analyzed data for 88 people with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome diagnosed between 2012 and 2018 who had undergone regular muscle function tests. The data were collected as part of the German Cushing’s Registry, and the assessed group was mostly female (78%), with an average age of 49.

Of note, not all individuals had data available for every time point assessed — for example, at four years of follow-up, data were available for only 22 of the people analyzed.

Of the 88 individuals assessed, 49 had Cushing’s disease (a form of Cushing’s syndrome driven by a tumor on the pituitary gland). All 88 underwent curative surgery. The median time between diagnosis and remission was two months.

The researchers measured muscle strength in two ways: by grip strength and the chair rising test.

On average, and after statistical adjustments for age and sex, grip strength at diagnosis was 83% (with 100% reflecting the average for people without Cushing’s syndrome). Six months after surgery, average grip strength had decreased to 71%. A year after surgery, average grip strength was 77%. At all time points measured, up to four years after surgery, grip strength was significantly lowered in people with Cushing’s syndrome.

The chair rising test (CRT) involves measuring how quickly a person can rise from a seated position. Generally, being able to do so more quickly indicates greater muscle strength. People with Cushing’s syndrome showed improvement in the CRT six months after treatment (median 7 seconds), compared to the beginning of the study (8 seconds).

However, no further improvement was observed at subsequent time points up to four years, and compared to controls, CRT remained abnormal over time (7 seconds in Cushing patients at three years of follow-up vs 5 seconds in controls).

“The main finding of our study is that muscle strength remains impaired even after years in remission,” the researchers wrote.

“Another interesting finding is that at 6 months follow-up grip strength and CRT performance show opposite effects. Whereas grip strength has worsened, CRT performance has improved,” they added.

The investigators speculated that this difference is probably due to changes in body weight. Cushing’s syndrome commonly results in weight gain, and treatment resulted in significant decreases in body mass index in the analyzed group. As such, it may have been easier for individuals to stand up because there was less mass for their muscles to move, not necessarily because their muscles were stronger.

“Why patients with CS in remission showed a temporary worsening in grip strength 6 months after surgery remains unclear in terms of pathophysiology,” the researchers wrote.

They speculated that this could be due to treatment with glucocorticoids, which may affect muscle strength, but added that, “Whether the necessity of a long-term glucocorticoid replacement influences muscle strength or myopathy [muscle disease] outcome remains controversial.”

The researchers also conducted statistical analyses to determine what patient factors were associated with poorer muscle function outcomes. They found statistically significant associations between poor muscle function and older age, higher waist-to-hip-ratio, and higher levels of HbA1c (a marker of metabolic disease like diabetes).

“Influencing factors for myopathy outcome are age, waist-to-hip-ratio and HbA1c, suggesting that a consistent and strict treatment of diabetic metabolic state during hypercortisolism [high cortisol levels] is mandatory,” the investigators wrote.

The study was limited by its small sample size, the researchers noted, particularly at longer follow-up times, and by the fact that only a few measurements of muscle strength were used. Additionally, since all the data were collected at one of three centers in Germany, the analyzed population may not be representative of the worldwide population of people with Cushing’s syndrome.

Adapted from https://cushingsdiseasenews.com/2020/09/30/muscle-weakness-persists-in-cushings-syndrome-despite-remission-study-finds/

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Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms Common in Cushing’s Patients Before Surgery

Posted on June 29, 2019 by MaryO

Patients with Cushing’s disease may develop post-traumatic stress symptoms, which are generally resolved once they undergo surgery to remove the tumor, but can persist in some cases, a study shows.

The study, “Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in patients with Cushing’s disease before and after surgery: A prospective study,” was published in the Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.

Cushing’s disease is an endocrine disorder characterized by excess secretion of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary adenoma (tumor of the pituitary gland). This leads to high levels of cortisol, a condition known as hypercortisolism.

Chronic hypercortisolism is associated with symptoms such as central obesity, buffalo hump, body bruising, muscle weakness, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and weak bones.

Additionally, patients can develop psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction, all of which contribute considerably to a lower health-related quality of life.

Depression and anxiety rates are particularly high in Cushing’s disease patients, with 54% of them experiencing major depression and 79% having anxiety.

Due to the significant impact of psychological factors in these patients, they may be susceptible to post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). But more information on this phenomenon in these patients is still needed.

To address this lack of data, a group of Chinese researchers conducted a prospective study to investigate the occurrence, correlated factors, and prognosis of PTSS in patients with Cushing’s disease.

A total of 49 patients newly diagnosed with Cushing’s disease who underwent transsphenoidal removal of the tumor as their first-line treatment were asked to participate in this study. Another group of 49 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included as controls.

PTSS was measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), depression/anxiety were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), and quality of life was measured using the 36-item short-form (SF-36). These parameters were measured before surgery, and then at six and 12 months after the procedure.

Before surgery, 15 patients (30.6%) had PTSS. These patients also had higher cortisol levels, worse levels of depression/anxiety, and worse quality of life scores than those without PTSS.

While most of the patients recovered after the operation, there were five (33.3%) for whom PTSS persisted for more than a year.

Additionally, one patient who had a recurrence of Cushing’s disease developed PTSS between six and 12 months after the first surgery.

PTSS severity showed consistent improvement after surgery, which was correlated with better depression/anxiety scores and psychological aspects of the SF-36. However, Cushing’s disease patients in remission still performed worse than healthy individuals concerning their physical and mental health.

Therefore, “patients with [Cushing’s disease] can develop PTSS, and they may persist for over a year even after successful surgery. Combined psychological intervention is advised for these patients,” the researchers concluded.

From https://cushingsdiseasenews.com/2019/06/25/cushings-patients-often-have-post-traumatic-stress-symptoms

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