Cushing’s Disease Associated With Partially Empty Sella Turcica Syndrome

Posted on June 28, 2023 by MaryO

Abstract

The association between empty sella turcica (EST) syndrome and Cushing’s disease has been rarely reported. It is plausible to hypothesize that EST syndrome in association with Cushing’s disease can be attributed to intracranial hypertension. In this case report, we present a 47-year-old male patient who presented with weight loss, fatigue, easy bruising, acanthosis nigricans, and skin creases hyperpigmentation. Investigations revealed hypokalemia and confirmed the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain showed a partial EST syndrome and a new pituitary nodule as compared with previous brain imaging. Transsphenoidal surgery was pursued and was complicated by cerebrospinal fluid leakage. This case reflects the rare association of EST syndrome and Cushing’s disease, suggesting the increased risk of postoperative complications in this setting and the diagnostic challenge that EST syndrome imposes. We review the literature for a possible mechanism of this association.

Introduction

Cushing’s disease is commonly caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing pituitary adenoma, which can be very challenging to be seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [1]. Empty sella turcica (EST) syndrome is a radiological diagnosis of apparently empty turcica secondary to outpouching of the arachnoid mater into the turcica, which can be attributed to intracranial hypertension (ICHTN). This can make the visual diagnosis of pituitary adenoma even more challenging in clinical practice. ICHTN has been also associated with Cushing’s disease and might explain this infrequent association between EST and Cushing’s disease [1]. EST syndrome can be either partial or complete, primary or secondary and has been seen infrequently with Cushing’s disease. In this setting, not only that it is likely to obscure an underlying pituitary lesion, but also it does contribute to the risk of postoperative complications [2].

Case Presentation

A 47-year-old male presented to the emergency department (ED) with slowly progressive generalized limb muscle weakness affecting both distal and proximal muscles over a few weeks and gait instability for three days prior to presentation. He also reported unintentional 40 pounds weight loss over the previous four months. Past medical history was significant for type II diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. In the ED, vital signs included a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, a heart rate of 66 beats per minute, a respiratory rate of 16 cycles per minute, and SpO2 of 97% on room air. Body mass index has decreased to 22 kg/m2 from a baseline of 26 kg/m2 one month prior. On the physical exam, he exhibited cachexia, easy bruising, acanthosis nigricans, and hyperpigmentation of skin creases. All other systems were negative. Complete metabolic panel and complete blood count were obtained showing hyperglycemia of 311 mg/dl, see Table 1. Further lab evaluation showed elevated salivary cortisol at 2.96 microgram/dl (reference range 0.094-1.551 mcg/dl), elevated 24-hour urinary free cortisol at 156 mcg/24 hour (reference 10-100 mcg/24h), positive overnight dexamethasone suppression test with serum cortisol at 2.8 mcg/dl (reference more than 2 mcg/dl), negative anti-adrenal antibodies, normal aldosterone, and elevated dehydroepiandrostenedione at 401 mcg/dl (reference 32-240 mcg/dl), with lack of suppression of the ACTH level at 35.1 pg/ml (reference 10-60 pg/ml). This confirmed the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease.

Variable Finding Reference
Random glucose 311 Less than 200 mg/dl
Sodium 141 137-145 mmol/L
Potassium 2.5 3.5-5.1 mmol/L
Chloride 96 98-107 mmol/L
Bicarbonate 32 22-30 mmol/L
Blood urea nitrogen 32 9-20 mg/dl
Creatinine 0.52 0.66-1.25 mg/dl
Calcium 8.7 8.6-10.3 mg/dl
Total protein 5.5 6.5-8.5 g/dl
Albumin 3.3 3.5-5 g/dl
Total bilirubin 0.6 0.2-1.3 mg/dl
Alkaline phosphatase 115 38-126 U/L
Aspartate transaminase 17 17-59 U/L
Alanine transaminase 39 Less than 49 U/L
White blood cell count 10×10^3 cells/mcl 4-10×1063 cells/mcl
Hemoglobin 15.3 13.7-17.5 g/dl
Platelet 281 150-400×10^3 cells/mcl
Table 1: Lab Findings

Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head was unremarkable. CT scan of the chest was also unremarkable. CT scan of abdomen and pelvis showed no adrenal mass. Ultrasound of the kidneys was unremarkable. Pituitary MRI brain protocol for adenoma showed a partial EST, shortening within neurohypophysis and a new 10 x 8 x 4 mm nodule along the floor of pituitary sella as compared to MRI four years ago (Figure 1).

Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-(MRI)-Brain
Figure 1: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Brain

MRI brain showing partially empty sella turcica syndrome ( black arrow) with a small nodule at the floor of the turcica (white arrow).

The diagnosis of Cushing’s disease was confirmed, and the patient underwent trans-sphenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma. Histological examination showed positive CAM 5.2, positive chromogranin, and ACTH immunostains. The patient presented to the ED five days after discharge home. He stated that he noticed drainage from the nose that transitioned from bloody to clear fluid and has been increasing in quantity for two days with associated intermittent headaches since the surgery. He was afebrile with stable vital signs. No signs of infection were noted on basic labs. These were significant only for mild asymptomatic hyponatremia of 131 mmol/L and hypokalemia of 3.3 mmol/L. The patient was diagnosed with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and had a lumbar drain trial. The trial was unsuccessful after several days, and the patient underwent a transnasal endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea using nasoseptal flaps. At an outpatient follow-up one month and three months after the surgery, prior lab abnormalities including hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and hyperglycemia resolved. No further evidence of CSF leakage was appreciated, and he remained asymptomatic.

Discussion

EST syndrome is characterized by herniation of the subarachnoid space into the intrasellar space with compression of the pituitary gland into the posteroinferior wall [3]. This is likely to obscure the presence of underlying pituitary mass. The incidence of EST syndrome in the general population is estimated at 20%. The association between EST syndrome and Cushing’s disease has been reported infrequently. A retrospective study of 68 patients with Cushing’s disease found that 16% of these have EST syndrome [3].

Cushing’s disease usually results from pituitary adenomas secreting ACTH, and even the smallest microadenomas can produce a systemic disease. These microadenomas can be very difficult to recognize on brain MRI [4]. This is complicated in EST syndrome and even further with the possibility of ectopic ACTH production. A retrospective study of 197 patients diagnosed with Cushing’s disease concluded that EST syndrome is associated with higher prevalence of MRI-negative Cushing’s disease. This was attributed to ICHTN and pituitary gland compression [1]. Although surgery is curative in 70-90% of cases, EST syndrome was found to have higher risk of postoperative complications among those with Cushing’s disease including diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, and CSF leakage [3]. This is usually because in the case of MRI-negative Cushing’s disease with total EST syndrome, empiric surgical exploration is sought after inferior petrosal sampling confirms the pituitary origin of excess ACTH, and postoperative remission indicates adequate tumor resection [2]. This entails a higher chance of uncertainty and injury to healthy pituitary tissue.

EST syndrome can be either primarily due to defects in the sellar diaphragm or anatomical variant or secondary to ICHTN. EST syndrome has been reported in association with many conditions associated with elevated intracranial pressure including tumors, thrombosis, meningitis, hydrocephalus, and Arnold-Chiari malformation [5]. Reversal of EST syndrome has been reported in those with idiopathic ICHTN with therapy by acetazolamide, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and lumbar puncture [6,7]. A study has shown correlation between CSF circulation impairment or blockage and EST syndrome [8]. The incidence of EST syndrome in association with symptomatic intracranial hypertension is variable and ranges from 2.5% for total EST syndrome to 94% for partial EST syndrome [9]. Impaired CSF circulation and dynamics have been reported in 77% of patients with EST syndrome [10]. In addition to intracranial hypertension, EST syndrome has also been described in association with obesity, meningioma, pediatric nevoid basal cell carcinoma, therapy for growth hormone deficiency and even in healthy individuals [9]. Lack of symptoms of intracranial hypertension in this patient does not rule it out as intracranial hypertension in EST syndrome represents a spectrum that ranges from asymptomatic, milder intracranial hypertension to symptomatic intracranial hypertension with headache, visual disturbance, and papilledema [10]. This explains the fact that only 8-14% of EST syndrome progress to symptomatic ICHTN, while symptomatic ICHTN has been associated with EST syndrome in 94% of cases.

ICHTN has been seen in association with disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This has been reported after surgical and medical treatment of Cushing’s disease, withdrawal of long-term steroid therapy, initial presentation of Addison’s disease, or relative glucocorticoids deficiency [11]. Cortisol excess increases CSF production and reduces its absorption, hence increasing intracranial pressure [12]. Another possible mechanism is the expression of both mineralocorticoid responsive epithelial sodium channel receptors on the basolateral membrane of the CSF producing epithelial cells of the choroid plexus as well as the expression of 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme, which is a bidirectional enzyme that mainly functions to convert the inactive cortisone to active cortisol. These mechanisms play a role in maintaining the balance between CSF production and absorption [13,14].

In this case, the patient presented some clinical findings that are rarely associated with Cushing’s disease, combined with a radiological feature that masked the true diagnosis. Our patient presented with significant weight loss, rather than central obesity, which is normally associated with Cushing’s disease. Although possible, the increase in ACTH due to Cushing’s disease is not sufficient to cause hyperpigmentation, which is a classical finding of Addison’s disease, where the entire adrenal cortex is usually affected due to an autoimmune destruction; however, the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces aldosterone and its deficiency would lead to hyperkalemia [15]. Our patient presented with both hyperpigmentation and hypokalemia.

Conclusions

EST syndrome is an uncommon radiological finding of apparently EST that has been reported in association with ICHTN. The latter has also been seen in association with Cushing’s disease/syndrome. This is likely to result from glucocorticoid excess-induced change in CSF flow dynamics. EST has been infrequently described in association with Cushing’s disease. This association has a clinical implication as it is likely to obscure the visualization of pituitary lesions responsible for Cushing’s disease, contribute to diagnostic uncertainty, and increase the risk of healthy pituitary tissue injury and the risk of postoperative complications including CSF leakage.

References

  1. Himes BT, Bhargav AG, Brown DA, Kaufmann TJ, Bancos I, Van Gompel JJ: Does pituitary compression/empty sella syndrome contribute to MRI-negative Cushing’s disease? A single-institution experience. Neurosurg Focus. 2020, 48:E3. 10.3171/2020.3.FOCUS2084
  2. Sun Y, Sun Q, Fan C, et al.: Diagnosis and therapy for Cushing’s disease with negative dynamic MRI finding: a single-centre experience. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012, 76:868-76. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04279.x
  3. Manavela MP, Goodall CM, Katz SB, Moncet D, Bruno OD: The association of Cushing’s disease and primary empty sella turcica. Pituitary. 2001, 4:145-51. 10.1023/a:1015310806063
  4. Chatain GP, Patronas N, Smirniotopoulos JG, et al.: Potential utility of FLAIR in MRI-negative Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg. 2018, 129:620-8. 10.3171/2017.4.JNS17234
  5. Friedman DI, Jacobson DM: Diagnostic criteria for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2002, 59:1492-5. 10.1212/01.wnl.0000029570.69134.1b
  6. Triggiani V, Giagulli VA, Moschetta M, Guastamacchia E: An unusual case of reversible empty sella. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2016, 16:154-6. 10.2174/1871530315666151001141507
  7. Wind JJ, Lonser RR, Nieman LK, DeVroom HL, Chang R, Oldfield EH: The lateralization accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in 501 patients with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013, 98:2285-93. 10.1210/jc.2012-3943
  8. Brismar K, Bergstrand G: CSF circulation in subjects with the empty sella syndrome. Neuroradiology. 1981, 21:167-75. 10.1007/BF00367338
  9. Ranganathan S, Lee SH, Checkver A, Sklar E, Lam BL, Danton GH, Alperin N: Magnetic resonance imaging finding of empty sella in obesity related idiopathic intracranial hypertension is associated with enlarged sella turcica. Neuroradiology. 2013, 55:955-61. 10.1007/s00234-013-1207-0
  10. Maira G, Anile C, Mangiola A: Primary empty sella syndrome in a series of 142 patients. J Neurosurg. 2005, 103:831-6. 10.3171/jns.2005.103.5.0831
  11. Zada G, Tirosh A, Kaiser UB, Laws ER, Woodmansee WW: Cushing’s disease and idiopathic intracranial hypertension: case report and review of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010, 95:4850-4. 10.1210/jc.2010-0896
  12. Sinclair AJ, Ball AK, Burdon MA, Clarke CE, Stewart PM, Curnow SJ, Rauz S: Exploring the pathogenesis of IIH: an inflammatory perspective. J Neuroimmunol. 2008, 201:212-20. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.029
  13. Sinclair AJ, Onyimba CU, Khosla P, et al.: Corticosteroids, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozymes and the rabbit choroid plexus. J Neuroendocrinol. 2007, 19:614-20. 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01569.x
  14. Amin MS, Wang HW, Reza E, Whitman SC, Tuana BS, Leenen FH: Distribution of epithelial sodium channels and mineralocorticoid receptors in cardiovascular regulatory centers in rat brain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005, 289:R1787-97. 10.1152/ajpregu.00063.2005
  15. Stratakis CA: Skin manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016, 17:283-6. 10.1007/s11154-016-9399-3

From https://www.cureus.com/articles/161111-cushings-disease-associated-with-partially-empty-sella-turcica-syndrome-a-case-report#!/

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Recurrent sellar mass after resection of pituitary macroadenoma

Posted on June 17, 2015 by MaryO

A Puerto Rican woman aged 50 years presented to an ophthalmologist with complaints of vision changes, including difficulty seeing images in her peripheral vision in both eyes and difficulty in color perception. Her medical history was significant for menopause at age 43 years, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. She had no prior history of thyroid disease, changes in her weight, dizziness or lightheadedness, headaches, galactorrhea or growth of her hands or feet.

Formal visual fields showed bitemporal superior quadrantopsia, and she was sent to the ED for further evaluation.

Imaging and laboratory tests

A pituitary protocol MRI was performed that showed a large 3 cm x 2 cm x 2.2 cm mass in the pituitary with mild osseous remodeling of the sella turcica and mass effect on the optic chiasm (Figure 1). The mass was isointense with the brain parenchyma on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images and homogeneously enhanced after IV gadolinium contrast administration.

Baseline laboratory samples drawn at 11 p.m. in the ED showed a cortisol of 16.9 µg/dL (nighttime reference range: 3-16 µg/dL), adrenocorticotropic hormone 65 pg/mL (reference range: 6-50 pg/mL), prolactin 19.4 ng/mL (reference range: 5.2-26.5 ng/mL), thyroid-stimulating hormone 1.36 µIU/mL (reference range: 0.35-4.9 µIU/mL), free thyroxine 0.9 ng/dL (reference range: 0.6-1.8 ng/dL), triiodothyronine 85 ng/dL (reference range: 83-160 ng/dL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 11.1 mIU/mL (postmenopausal reference range: 26.7- 133.4 mIU/mL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) 1.2 mIU/mL (postmenopausal reference range: 5.2-62 mIU/mL).

 

Figure 1. T1-weighted MRI images with and without contrast of the pituitary. Coronal (A) and sagittal (C) images showed a large isodense (with brain parenchyma) 3 cm x 2 cm x 2.2 cm mass (red arrow) in the sella with superior extension to the optic chiasm. After gadolinium contrast, coronal (B) and sagittal (D) images show the mass homogenously enhances consistent with a pituitary adenoma.

Images courtesy of Pavani Srimatkandada, MD.

Given the patient’s high nighttime cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, she underwent an overnight dexamethasone suppression test with 1 mg dexamethasone. Her morning cortisol was appropriately suppressed to less than 1 µg/dL, excluding Cushing’s disease.

Pituitary adenoma resection

The patient was diagnosed with a nonsecreting pituitary adenoma with suprasellar extension and optic chiasm compression with visual field deficits. The macroadenoma caused an inappropriately normal LH and FSH in a postmenopausal woman consistent with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.

She underwent transnasal transsphenoidal resection of the nonsecreting pituitary adenoma. The dural defect caused by the surgery was patched with an abdominal fat graft with a DuraSeal dura patch. A postoperative MRI showed complete resection of the adenoma with no evaluable tumor in the sella (Figure 2). Her postoperative course was complicated by transient diabetes insipidus requiring intermittent desmopressin; however, this resolved before her discharge from the hospital.

Figure 2. T1-weighted MRI images with contrast. Coronal views before (A) and after (B) transphenoidal tumor resection show complete resolution of the enhancing pituitary mass (A; red arrow) that is replaced with a new hypodense mass in the sella (B; yellow arrow). This mass is filled with cerebrospinal fluid with a residual rim of enhancing tissue. This is consistent with the development of a pseudomeningocele in the sella.

 

Postoperative testing confirmed secondary deficiency of the adrenal, thyroid and ovarian axes requiring hormone therapy. The patient had stable temporal hemianopia in the left eye with improved vision in the right eye.

Recurrent mass detected

One year after surgery, during a routine follow-up appointment, the patient reported no dizziness, lightheadedness, worsening vision changes, rhinorrhea or headache. She had a follow-up MRI of the brain with and without contrast, which showed the interval appearance of a mass in the sella that extended from the sphenoid sinus into the sella and came in contact with the optic nerve (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Axial MRI images of the sella after resection of pituitary adenoma. On T1-weighted images the mass (red arrow) in the sella is hypodense (black) compared with the brain parenchyma. On T2-weighted images, the mass (red arrow) is hyperdense (bright) compared with the brain, consistent with fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid in the sulci on the brain surface and the vitreous fluid within the eye are also hyperintense on T2-weighted images (yellow arrows).

 

On MRI, the mass was isodense with the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) with a residual rim of enhancing normal pituitary tissue. This appearance is consistent with the postoperative development of a pseudomeningocele and not a solid mass in the sella (Table).

Pseudomeningoceles are abnormal collections of CSF that communicate with the CSF space around the brain; these occur after brain surgery involving duraplasty (incision and repair of the dura). Unlike meningoceles, pseudomeningoceles are not completely encased by a surrounding membrane, and they communicate with the circulating CSF. Similar to CSF, a pseudomeningocele is hypodense (dark) compared with brain on T1-weighted MRI images and hyperdense (bright) on T2-weight images.

 

Pseudomeningocele treatment

Treatment may be conservative or may involve neurosurgical repair if symptomatic. Little published data addresses the development of pseudomeningoceles after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, but this complication occasionally occurs, especially if the dural incision is large. One study noted that pseudomeningoceles are one of the most common complications after suboccipital decompression for Chiari’s malformation, but the effect of this complication is unclear.

Endocrinologists must recognize that recurrent development of pituitary masses after transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery may not represent regrowth of pituitary tissue, but instead development of a meningocele/pseudomeningocele. Pseudomeningocele can be easily confirmed because this fluid collection has very different MRI characteristics than pituitary adenoma (Table). Given that patients may remain asymptomatic after the development of a pseudomeningocele, periodic MRI imaging, hormonal evaluation and ophthalmologic monitoring of visual fields are required after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.

References:
  • Hernandez Guilabert PM. Poster No C-1330. Presented at: European Society of Radiology; March 7-11, 2013; Vienna.
  • Parker SL, et al. J Neurosurg. 2013;doi:10.3171/2013.8.JNS122106.
For more information:
  • Stephanie L. Lee, MD, PhD, ECNU, is an associate professor of medicine and associate chief, in the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition at Boston Medical Center. Lee can be reached at Boston Medical Center, 88 E. Newton St., Endocrinology Evans 201, Boston, MA 02118; email: stephanie.lee@bmc.org. Lee reports no relevant financial disclosures.
  • Pavani Srimatkandada, MD, is an endocrinology fellow in the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition at Boston Medical Center. Srimatkandada can be reached at Boston Medical Center, 88 E. Newton St., Endocrinology Evans 201, Boston, MA 02118. She reports no relevant financial disclosures.

From http://www.healio.com/endocrinology/thyroid/news/print/endocrine-today/%7B82430fb6-bbe4-4908-a389-447eee8cd005%7D/recurrent-sellar-mass-after-resection-of-pituitary-macroadenoma

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Interview May 7 with Kathy C, Pituitary Patient

Posted on May 6, 2014 by MaryO

My name is Kathy Casey. I am a 63 year old retired school nurse. I am married with two wonderful sons and a grandson. My husband and I live in the mountain town of Mt. Shasta in northern California. I have always been athletic.

In 1995, I was diagnosed with a pituitary tumor. At the time the only symptom I was aware of was a severe headache. I had a transphenoidal resection by Dr. Wilson at UCSF Medical Center followed by radiation therapy for 23 days. At the time they said they could not remove all of the tumor.

In 2008/2009. I exhibited symptoms of Cushing’s and my cortisol level was outrageous, and I had to be hospitalized initially for a potassium level of 2. I returned to UCSF and Dr. Anwar Sandeep operated . By removing part of the tumor. My Cushing symptoms resolved. However, he said that the tumor was not encapsulated and was invading the cavernous sinus and stella turcica so it was still not possible to remove it all.

I was OK until December 2013 when I began exhibiting the symptoms of Cushings. One of my 24 hr. urines was 14,000. I had to be hospitalized for a potassium level of 1.9. Dr. Heaney said he has never seen a cortisol level that high. This time I decided to go to the UCLA Pituitary Tumor and Endocrinology Program where they were more oriented to follow-up and treating this disorder. Dr. Bergsneider decided that surgery was not an option. He and Dr. Heaney decided radiation was not an option. So now I am being followed by Dr. Heaney to see if medication can help.

I am now on Cabergoline 0.5 mg three tabs twice a week and Signifor 0.9 mg subcutaneosly twice a day. I think they are alleviating some of the symptoms. However, the Signifor caused my blood sugar to rise, and I had to go on Metformin which is causing nausea to a point where I have a hard time eating.

Anyway, this whole situation is depressing and overwhelming. I am tryng to stay positive, but I wonder how it will turn out. I am fortunate to have a supportive and helpful husband.

I am interested in communicating with people who may be going through a similar experience and learning more about this rare condition.

Kathy will be interviewed May 7, 2014 in BlogTalkRadio

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