Late-night salivary cortisol often fluctuates widely in Cushing’s disease

Posted on January 18, 2026 by MaryO

Among patients with new, persistent or recurrent Cushing’s disease, researchers observed cortisol levels that fluctuated widely over 6 months, with measurements falling into the normal range more than 50% of the time for a few patients, according to findings from a prospective study.

“Cortisol levels, as represented by late-night salivary cortisol, in Cushing’s disease patients without variable symptoms fluctuate much more widely than many endocrinologists may realize,” Laurence Kennedy, MD, FRCP, chairman of the department of endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism at the Cleveland Clinic, told Endocrine Today. “In patients with recurrent or persistent Cushing’s disease, the late-night salivary cortisol can be normal much more frequently than has been appreciated.”

Kennedy and colleagues analyzed late-night salivary samples (between 11 p.m. and midnight) from 16 patients with confirmed Cushing’s disease for up to 42 consecutive nights between January and June 2014 (age range, 27-62 years). Researchers defined normal late-night salivary cortisol as between 29 ng/dL and 101 ng/dL.

Within the cohort, eight patients had a new diagnosis of Cushing’s disease and underwent transsphenoidal surgery; eight patients had recurrent or persistent Cushing’s disease.

Researchers observed at least three peaks and two troughs in 12 of the 16 patients, and late-night salivary cortisol levels were in the normal range on at least one occasion in 14 patients (all patients with recurrent/persistent disease and six of eight patients with new disease). Only two of the 16 patients exhibited fluctuations that were deemed cyclical, according to researchers, with the interval between peaks approximately 4 days, they noted.

In five of the eight patients with recurrent or persistent disease, the lowest late-night salivary cortisol measurement was at or below the limit of detection on the assay and approximately 1 in 3 measurements were in the normal range, researchers found. Four patients had normal measurements more than 50% of the time.

Additionally, six of the patients with recurrent or persistent disease had measurements in the normal range on two consecutive nights on at least one occasion, two patients had six such measurements in a row, and one had 31 consecutive normal levels, according to researchers.

In six patients with newly diagnosed Cushing’s disease with at least one normal late-night salivary cortisol measurement, the maximum levels ranged from 1.55 to 15.5 times the upper limit of normal.

“First, widely fluctuant cortisol levels in patients with Cushing disease do not appear to be associated with fluctuating symptoms, at least in our patient population,” Kennedy said. “Second, you need to be careful drawing conclusions on the efficacy of potential medical treatments for Cushing’s disease based on only one or two late-night salivary cortisol levels, given the extreme variation that occurs in the untreated patient. Third, diagnosing recurrent or persistent Cushing’s disease can be challenging at the best of times, and, though it is felt that late-night salivary cortisol may be the best test for early diagnosis, it may require more than the suggested two, three or four tests on successive nights to make the diagnosis.”

Kennedy said better tests for diagnosing Cushing’s disease are needed, adding that investigating the potential utility of salivary cortisone could be useful. – by Regina Schaffer

For more information:

Lawrence Kennedy, MD, can be reached at Cleveland Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195; email: kennedl4@ccf.org.

Disclosures: The authors report no relevant financial disclosures.

From https://www.healio.com/endocrinology/adrenal/news/in-the-journals/%7Bf9721377-6a2a-401c-a16d-2d4624233b63%7D/late-night-salivary-cortisol-often-fluctuates-widely-in-cushings-disease

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Adrenal Diseases During Pregnancy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis And Management Strategies

Posted on January 15, 2026 by MaryO

Am J Med Sci. 2014 Jan;347(1):64-73. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31828aaeee.

Author information

Abstract

: Adrenal diseases-including disorders such as Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia-are relatively rare in pregnancy, but a timely diagnosis and proper treatment are critical because these disorders can cause maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.

Making the diagnosis of adrenal disorders in pregnancy is challenging as symptoms associated with pregnancy are also seen in adrenal diseases. In addition, pregnancy is marked by several endocrine changes, including activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

The aim of this article was to review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management of various adrenal disorders during pregnancy.

PMID:
23514671
[PubMed – in process]

From http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23514671

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Study Examines Therapy Options for Post-adrenalectomy Low Glucocorticoid Levels

Posted on January 12, 2026 by MaryO

Hydrocortisone and prednisone have comparable safety and effectiveness when used as glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with adrenal adenoma or Cushing’s disease who underwent adrenalectomy, a new study shows.

The study, “Comparison of hydrocortisone and prednisone in the glucocorticoid replacement therapy post-adrenalectomy of Cushing’s Syndrome,” was published in the journal Oncotarget.

The symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome are related to excessive levels of glucocorticoids in our body. Glucocorticoids are a type of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Consequently, a procedure called adrenalectomy – removal of the adrenal glands – is usually conducted in patients with Cushing’s syndrome.

Unfortunately, adrenalectomy leads to a sharp drop in hormones that are necessary for our bodies. So, post-adrenalectomy glucocorticoid replacement therapy is required for patients.

Hydrocortisone and prednisone are synthetic glucocorticoids that most often are used for glucocorticoid replacement therapy.

Treatment with either hydrocortisone or prednisone has proven effective in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. However, few studies have compared the two treatments directly to determine if there are significant advantages of one therapy over another.

Chinese researchers set out to compare the effectiveness and safety of hydrocortisone and prednisone treatments in patients with Cushing’s syndrome, up to six months after undergoing adrenalectomy.

Patients were treated with either hydrocortisone or prednisone starting at day two post-adrenalectomy. The withdrawal schedule varied by individual patients.

At baseline, both groups had similar responses to the adrenalectomy, including the correction of hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels), and hypokalemia (low potassium levels). Furthermore, most patients in both groups lost weight and showed significant improvement, as judged by a subjective evaluation questionnaire.

Hydrocortisone did show a significant advantage over prednisone in the improvement of liver function, but its use also was associated with significant swelling of the lower extremities, as compared to prednisone.

Patients in both groups went on to develop adrenal insufficiency (AI) during glucocorticoid withdrawal. However, there were no significant differences in the AI incidence rate – 35 percent in the hydrocortisone group versus 45 percent in the prednisone group. The severity of A also was not significantly different between the groups.

Furthermore, most of the AI symptoms were relieved by going back to the initial doses of the glucocorticoid replacement.

As there were no significant differences between the two treatments, the findings support “the use of both hydrocortisone and prednisone in the glucocorticoid replacement therapy post-adrenalectomy for patients of adrenal adenoma or Cushing’s disease,” researchers concluded.

From https://cushingsdiseasenews.com/2018/01/11/post-adrenalectomy-glucocorticoid-replacement-therapy/

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Think Like a Doctor: Red Herrings Solved!

Posted on January 11, 2026 by MaryO

By LISA SANDERS, M.D.

On Thursday we challenged Well readers to take the case of a 29-year-old woman with an injured groin, a swollen foot and other abnormalities. Many of you found it as challenging as the doctors who saw her. I asked for the right test as well as the right diagnosis. More than 200 answers were posted.

The right test was…

The dexamethasone suppression test,though I counted those of you who suggested measuring the cortisol in the urine.

The right diagnosis was…

Cushing’s disease

More than a dozen of you got the right answer or the right test, but Dr. Davin Quinn, a consultant psychiatrist at the University of New Mexico Hospital, was the first to be right on both counts. As soon as he saw that the patient’s cortisol level was increased, he thought of Cushing’s. And he had treated a young patient like this one some years ago as a second year resident.

The Diagnosis:

Cushing’s disease is caused by having too much of the stress hormone cortisol in the body. Cortisol is made in the adrenal glands, little pyramid shaped organs that sit atop the kidneys. It is normally a very tightly regulated hormone that helps the body respond to physical stress.

Sometimes the excess comes from a tumor in the adrenal gland itself that causes the little organ to go into overdrive, making too much cortisol. More often the excess occurs when a tumor in the pituitary gland in the brain results in too much ACTH, the hormone that controls the adrenal gland.

In the body, cortisol’s most fundamental job is to make sure we have enough glucose around to get the body’s work done. To that end, the hormone drives appetite, so that enough fuel is taken in through the food we eat. When needed, it can break muscle down into glucose. This essential function accounts for the most common symptoms of cortisol excess: hyperglycemia, weight gain and muscle wasting. However, cortisol has many functions in the body, and so an excess of the hormone can manifest itself in many different ways.

Cushing’s was first described by Dr. Harvey Cushing, a surgeon often considered the father of modern neurosurgery. In a case report in 1912, he described a 23-year-old woman with sudden weight gain, mostly in the abdomen; stretch marks from skin too thin and delicate to accommodate the excess girth; easy bruising; high blood pressure and diabetes.

Dr. Cushing’s case was, it turns out, a classic presentation of the illness. It wasn’t until 20 years later that he recognized that the disease had two forms. When it is a primary problem of an adrenal gland gone wild and producing too much cortisol on its own, the disease is known as Cushing’s syndrome. When the problem results from an overgrown part of the pituitary making too much ACTH and causing the completely normal adrenal glands to overproduce the hormone, the illness is called Cushing’s disease.

It was an important distinction, since the treatment often requires a surgical resection of the body part where the problem originates. Cushing’s syndrome can also be caused by steroid-containing medications, which are frequently used to treat certain pulmonary and autoimmune diseases.

How the Diagnosis Was Made:

After the young woman got her lab results from Dr. Becky Miller, the hematologist she had been referred to after seeing several other specialists, the patient started reading up on the abnormalities that had been found. And based on what she found on the Internet, she had an idea of what was going on with her body.

“I think I have Cushing’s disease,” the patient told her endocrinologist when she saw him again a few weeks later.

The patient laid out her argument. In Cushing’s, the body puts out too much cortisol, one of the fight-or-flight stress hormones. That would explain her high blood pressure. Just about everyone with Cushing’s disease has high blood pressure.

She had other symptoms of Cushing’s, too. She bruised easily. And she’d been waking up crazy early in the morning for the past year or so – around 4:30 – and couldn’t get back to sleep. She’d heard that too much cortisol could cause that as well. She was losing muscle mass – she used to have well-defined muscles in her thighs and calves. Not any more. Her belly – it wasn’t huge, but it was a lot bigger than it had been. Cushing’s seemed the obvious diagnosis.

The doctor was skeptical. He had seen Cushing’s before, and this patient didn’t match the typical pattern. She was the right age for Cushing’s and she had high blood pressure, but nothing else seemed to fit. She wasn’t obese. Indeed, she was tall (5- foot-10) and slim (150 pounds) and athletic looking. She didn’t have stretch marks; she didn’t have diabetes. She said she bruised easily, but the endocrinologist saw no bruises on exam. Her ankle was still swollen, and Cushing’s can do that, but so can lots of other diseases.

The blood tests that Dr. Miller ordered measuring the patient’s ACTH and cortisol levels were suggestive of the disease, but many common problems — depression, alcohol use, eating disorders — can cause the same result. Still, it was worth taking the next step: a dexamethasone suppression test.

Testing, Then Treatment:

The dexamethasone suppression test depends on a natural negative feedback loop whereby high levels of cortisol suppress further secretion of the hormone. Dexamethasone is an artificial form of cortisol. Given in high doses, it will cause the level of naturally-occurring cortisol to drop dramatically.

The patient was told to take the dexamethasone pills the night before having her blood tested. The doctor called her the next day.

“Are you sure you took the pills I gave you last night?” the endocrinologist asked her over the phone. The doctor’s voice sounded a little sharp to the young woman, tinged with a hint of accusation.

“Of course I took them,” she responded, trying to keep her voice clear of any irritation.

“Well, the results are crazy,” he told her and proposed she take another test: a 24-hour urine test.

Because cortisol is eliminated through the kidneys, collecting a full day’s urine would show how much cortisol her body was making. So the patient carefully collected a day’s worth of urine.

A few days later, the endocrinologist called again: her cortisol level was shockingly high. She was right, the doctor conceded, she really did have Cushing’s.

An M.R.I. scan revealed a tiny tumor on her pituitary. A couple of months later, she had surgery to remove the affected part of the gland.

After recovering from the surgery, the patient’s blood pressure returned to normal, as did her red blood cell count and her persistently swollen ankle. And she was able to once again sleep through the night.

Red Herrings Everywhere:

As many readers noted, there were lots of findings that didn’t really add up in this case. Was this woman’s groin sprain part of the Cushing’s? What about the lower extremity swelling, and the excess red blood cell count?

In the medical literature, there is a single case report of high red blood cell counts as the presenting symptom in a patient with Cushing’s. And with this patient, the problem resolved after her surgery – so maybe they were linked.

And what about the weird bone marrow biopsy? The gastritis? The enlarged spleen? It’s hard to say for certain if any of these problems was a result of the excess cortisol or if she just happened to have other medical problems.

Why the patient didn’t have the typical symptoms of Cushing’s is easier to explain. She was very early in the course of the disease when she got her diagnosis. Most patients are diagnosed once symptoms have become more prominent

By the time this patient had her surgery, a couple of months later, the round face and belly characteristic of cortisol excess were present. Now, two years after her surgery, none of the symptoms remain.

From http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/17/think-like-a-doctor-red-herrings-solved/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0

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Cushing’s Disease: When Symptoms Are Mistaken for Menopause

Posted on January 11, 2026 by MaryO

After 8 years of menopause-like symptoms, a 62 year old patient discovered she actually had Cushing’s disease. Read about her long journey to get a diagnosis and her success in finding her dream-come-true neurosurgeon.

A Mysterious Decline in Health

When Elisabeth N., 62, started developing symptoms that included obesity, osteoporosis, insomnia, kidney stones and hair loss, she attributed it to what most women her age would: menopause. Back in 2000 she never would have thought those seemingly normal symptoms for a woman her age would lead her to Santa Monica to be treated eight years later by Daniel Kelly, MD., neurosurgeon and director of the Pacific Pituitary Disorders Center at Pacific Neuroscience Institute and Saint John’s Health Center. In fact, it wasn’t till February of 2008 that she learned it could all be caused by something completely different.

A Sister’s Observation Leads to a Breakthrough

“I wouldn’t have known about Cushing’s disease if it weren’t for my youngest sister; I’m 25 years older and so fortunate she has her medical degree,” explained Elisabeth, a kitchen and bath designer in Mesa, Arizona. “We hadn’t seen one another for five years when we visited in February of 2008. My appearance had drastically changed by then. She told me, ‘Don’t be scared, Bethie, but I think you should be tested for Cushing’s.’”

Learning About Cushing’s Disease

cushing's disease symptoms infographic

Elisabeth started researching Cushing’s disease right away and was relieved to learn that a cure was possible. Cushing’s is a hormonal disorder caused by high levels of the hormone cortisol. Symptoms include upper-body obesity, fragile skin that bruises easily, weakened bones, severe fatigue, weak muscles, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, increased thirst and urination, depression and a fatty hump between the shoulders. Women can also experience irregular menstrual periods and excess hair growth on their bodies. It can be caused by taking glucocorticoids such as prednisone or if there is a problem with a person’s pituitary gland or hypothalamus.

A Long and Uncertain Testing Journey

Elisabeth immediately set up a doctor’s appointment to get her cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH – the pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands to make cortisol) levels tested. Over the next nine months Elisabeth went through several blood, urine, saliva and plasma tests for her cortisol and ACTH production and had an MRI. The tests showed elevated cortisol and ACTH levels but the initial impression was that her levels were not high enough to indicate Cushing’s disease and her pituitary MRI showed no apparent tumor. Elisabeth met with both a pituitary neurosurgeon and an endocrinologist, but both determined her condition not to be Cushing’s.

“My cortisol was not high enough; I wasn’t obese enough; I wasn’t disabled enough; I wasn’t depressed enough,” Elisabeth said.

Finding the Missing Clue

She felt frustrated by the diagnosis and continued to research possibilities online. It was during this research that she stumbled upon an article comparing MRI Tesla strengths. It recommended getting a Tesla 3.0 with contrast to pick up small abnormalities. Elisabeth scheduled a new MRI at the beginning of November. This time the scan detected a 6 mm tumor on the right side of her pituitary gland. Additional hormonal testing also confirmed that she did indeed have high ACTH and cortisol levels consistent with Cushing’s, “I was thrilled to finally have proof I had Cushing’s, but terrified because I knew I’d have to have brain surgery to remove it,” Elisabeth said. “I knew I wanted transsphenoidal surgery – the safest, most successful procedure with the least complications if done by an experienced surgeon.”

Understanding the Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach

endonasal procedure illustration

Endonasal transsphenoidal tumor removal, aka endoscopic endonasal approach, such as what Elisabeth needed, is a surgery that uses the nostril as the entry point with visualization from the operating microscope and endoscope. The approach passes through the back of the nasal cavity and into the sphenoid sinus to the skull base without facial incisions, brain retraction or post-operative nasal packing.

“This type of surgery is ideal for removing over 99% of pituitary adenomas, like what Elisabeth had and is considered first-line therapy for patients with Cushing’s disease,” Dr. Kelly explained. “Untreated or incompletely treated, Cushing’s disease is a very serious condition leading to uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, weight gain and increased mortality.”

Choosing the Right Surgeon

With all the months she had to prepare for a diagnosis, Elisabeth knew exactly what needed to be done.

“I’d known I wanted Dr. Kelly to perform surgery but never imagined it could happen,” Elisabeth said. “I found him online. He’s ranked as one of the world’s top neurosurgeons specializing in this type of surgery. While watching his YouTube videos, I was awed by his kindness, patience, sense of humor, approachability, professionalism and complete lack of arrogance in spite of his fame. I’m still pinching myself that I had the fortune and honor to become one of his patients.”

A Life-Changing Call

Dr. Daniel Kelly and Dr. Chester Griffiths perform surgery

Figuring she didn’t have anything to lose, Elisabeth called Dr. Kelly’s office and asked if he was accepting new patients (he was) and how long was his waiting list (she could see him next week). Elisabeth was astounded. She immediately mailed Dr. Kelly all the test results, films and reports she could gather.

“Two days later, Dr. Kelly personally called and left a message, indicating it appeared there was indeed an ACTH secreting adenoma on my pituitary gland and to call him back,” Elisabeth said. “I was blown away. I’d have expected to win the lottery first.”

Successful Surgery and a New Beginning

Dr. Kelly arranged to perform Elisabeth’s surgery two weeks later on November 26 – the day before Thanksgiving. Her cortisol levels fell dramatically within 24 hours of surgery. She has remained in remission since then. Years after surgery, she continues to feel like a new person and regularly stays in contact with Dr. Kelly and his office staff.

About Dr. Daniel Kelly

Dr. Daniel Kelly, a board-certified neurosurgeon, is the director and one of the founders of the Pacific Neuroscience Institute, director of the Pacific Brain Tumor Center and Pacific Pituitary Disorders Center, and is Professor of Neurosurgery at Saint John’s Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center. Considered to be one of the top neurosurgeons in the US, he is a multiple recipient of the Patients’ Choice Award and Southern California Super Doctors distinction.

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